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Recently I meet with an issue using Spring which finally turns out that my bean is initialized multiple times although it is expected to be a singleton. As a result I look into the possible scenario that might bypass the expected singleton behavior.
This blog introduces two possible scenarios which will cause your singleton design fail to work as expected.
This is my singleton class in ABAP:
CLASS zcl_jerry_singleton DEFINITION
PUBLIC
FINAL
CREATE PRIVATE .
PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES if_serializable_object .
CLASS-METHODS class_constructor .
CLASS-METHODS get_instance
RETURNING
VALUE(ro_instance) TYPE REF TO zcl_jerry_singleton .
PROTECTED SECTION.
PRIVATE SECTION.
CLASS-DATA so_instance TYPE REF TO zcl_jerry_singleton .
DATA mv_name TYPE string .
DATA mv_initialized TYPE abap_bool .
METHODS constructor .
ENDCLASS.
CLASS ZCL_JERRY_SINGLETON IMPLEMENTATION.
* <SIGNATURE>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
* | Static Public Method ZCL_JERRY_SINGLETON=>CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR
* +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
* +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</SIGNATURE>
METHOD class_constructor.
so_instance = NEW zcl_jerry_singleton( ).
ENDMETHOD.
* <SIGNATURE>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
* | Instance Public Method ZCL_JERRY_SINGLETON->CONSTRUCTOR
* +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
* +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</SIGNATURE>
METHOD constructor.
mv_name = 'Jerry'.
IF mv_initialized = abap_false.
mv_initialized = abap_true.
ELSE.
MESSAGE 'you are in trouble!' TYPE 'E' DISPLAY LIKE 'I'.
ENDIF.
ENDMETHOD.
* <SIGNATURE>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
* | Static Public Method ZCL_JERRY_SINGLETON=>GET_INSTANCE
* +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
* | [<-()] RO_INSTANCE TYPE REF TO ZCL_JERRY_SINGLETON
* +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</SIGNATURE>
METHOD get_instance.
ro_instance = so_instance.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.Then this singleton is bypassed by serialization and deserialization:
DATA(lo_instance) = zcl_jerry_singleton=>get_instance( ).
DATA: s TYPE string.
CALL TRANSFORMATION id SOURCE model = lo_instance RESULT XML s.
DATA: lo_instance2 TYPE REF TO zcl_jerry_singleton.
CALL TRANSFORMATION id SOURCE XML s RESULT model = lo_instance2.Via comparison in debugger we can know that the instance got from deserialization is a different instance from the original one returned by GET_INSTANCE.
In Java it is even not necessary to use this approach to bypass the singleton. It is enough to just use reflection.
This is my singleton class:
public class JerrySingleton {
private String name;
private JerrySingleton(){
name = "Jerry";
}
private static class SingletonHolder{
private static final JerrySingleton INSTANCE = new JerrySingleton();
}
public static JerrySingleton getInstance()
{
return SingletonHolder.INSTANCE;
}
}And I can still create new instance via reflection:
Class<?> classType = JerrySingleton.class;
Constructor<?> c = classType.getDeclaredConstructor(null);
c.setAccessible(true);
JerrySingleton e1 = (JerrySingleton)c.newInstance();
JerrySingleton e2 = JerrySingleton.getInstance();
System.out.println(e1 == e2); finally I get false in console.
In Java this bypass action could be defended by using a boolean variable to detect whether the constructor has already been executed or not. If the constructor is called with value equals to true, it means the constructor has been executed repeatedly, then we raise exception.
The source code of improved singleton is listed below:
package singleton;
public class JerrySingletonImproved
{
private static boolean flag = false;
private JerrySingletonImproved(){
synchronized(JerrySingletonImproved.class)
{
if(flag == false)
{
flag = !flag;
}
else
{
throw new RuntimeException("Singleton violated");
}
}
}
private static class SingletonHolder{
private static final JerrySingletonImproved INSTANCE = new JerrySingletonImproved();
}
public static JerrySingletonImproved getInstance()
{
return SingletonHolder.INSTANCE;
}
}The better solution is to leverage Java Enumeration:
public enum JerrySingletonAnotherApproach {
INSTANCE ;
private String name = "Jerry" ;
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
}Sample code to consume this singleton:
System.out.println("Name:" + JerrySingletonAnotherApproach.INSTANCE.getName());If consumer tries to construct new instance via reflection, such exception is raised by JDK:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: singleton.JerrySingletonAnotherApproach.<init>()
at java.lang.Class.getConstructor0(Class.java:3082)
at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.java:2178)
at singleton.SingletonAttack.test3(SingletonAttack.java:31)
at singleton.SingletonAttack.main(SingletonAttack.java:43)As a conclusion, if you encounter the strange behavior about singleton which does not work as you expect, you might think twice if serialization / reflection could be one of the reason.
Further reading
I have written a series of blogs which compare the language feature among ABAP, JavaScript and Java. You can find a list of them below:
- Lazy Loading, Singleton and Bridge design pattern in JavaScript and in ABAP
- Fibonacci Sequence in ES5, ES6 and ABAP
- Java byte code and ABAP Load
- How to write a correct program rejected by compiler: Exception handling in Java and in ABAP
- An small example to learn Garbage collection in Java and in ABAP
- String Template in ABAP, ES6, Angular and React
- Try to access static private attribute via ABAP RTTI and Java Reflection
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