topic Re: Sample program in Application Development and Automation Discussions

Sample program

Former Member — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 10:32:09 GMT

Hi Experts,

could anybody provide me a sample program in OOPs concept and the same programe should be in procedurel language also.

so that i can compare both the programs for better understanding..?

Thanx & Reg,

Sameer

Re: Sample program

Former Member — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 10:34:27 GMT

BCALV_TEST_GRID

Re: Sample program

former_member69765 — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 10:43:40 GMT

Hi.. If you want to understand the ABAP Objects then some sample programs are available here :[ www.abaplearning.com| www.abaplearning.com];

Cheers.

Varun.

Re: Sample program

Former Member — Thu, 24 Jul 2008 05:02:20 GMT

Hii!

Check out this sample code in debugging mode.


REPORT  z_CLASS_CASTING.

TYPE-POOLS icon.
INCLUDE z_class.

DATA: r_plane TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane,
      r_cargo TYPE REF TO lcl_cargo_plane,
      r_passenger TYPE REF TO lcl_passenger_plane,
      plane_list TYPE TABLE OF REF TO lcl_airplane.

START-OF-SELECTION.

lcl_airplane=>display_n_o_airplanes( ).

CREATE OBJECT r_passenger EXPORTING
                            im_name      = 'LH BERLIN'
                            im_planetype = '747-400'
                            im_seats     = 345.

APPEND r_passenger TO plane_list.

CREATE OBJECT r_cargo EXPORTING
                        im_name      = 'US Hercules'
                        im_planetype = '747-500'
                        im_cargo     = 533.

APPEND r_cargo TO plane_list.

LOOP AT plane_list INTO r_plane.
  r_plane->display_attributes( ).
ENDLOOP.
lcl_airplane=>display_n_o_airplanes( ).

INCLUDE PROGRAM


CLASS lcl_airplane DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    CONSTANTS: pos_1 TYPE i VALUE 30.
    METHODS:
      constructor IMPORTING
                    im_name TYPE string
                    im_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype,
                  display_attributes.
    CLASS-METHODS: display_n_o_airplanes.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    METHODS: get_technical_attributes
               IMPORTING im_type    TYPE saplane-planetype
               EXPORTING ex_weight  TYPE s_plan_wei
                         ex_tankcap TYPE s_capacity.

    DATA: name TYPE string,
          planetype TYPE saplane-planetype.

    CLASS-DATA: n_o_airplanes TYPE i.
ENDCLASS.                    "lcl_airplane DEFINITION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD constructor.
    name      = im_name.
    planetype = im_planetype.
    n_o_airplanes = n_o_airplanes + 1.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "constructor

  METHOD display_attributes.
    DATA: weight TYPE saplane-weight,
             cap TYPE saplane-tankcap.
    WRITE: / icon_ws_plane AS ICON,
           / 'Name of airplane', AT pos_1 name,
           / 'Airplane type:', AT pos_1 planetype.
    get_technical_attributes( EXPORTING im_type    = planetype
                              IMPORTING ex_weight  = weight
                                        ex_tankcap = cap ).
    WRITE: / 'Weight:', weight,
             'Tank capacity:', cap.

  ENDMETHOD.                    "display_attributes

  METHOD display_n_o_airplanes.
    WRITE: /,/ 'Number of airplanes:',AT pos_1 n_o_airplanes
                LEFT-JUSTIFIED, /.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "display_n_o_airplanes

  METHOD get_technical_attributes.
    SELECT SINGLE weight
                  tankcap
             FROM saplane
             INTO (ex_weight, ex_tankcap)
            WHERE planetype = im_type.
    IF sy-subrc <> 0.
      ex_weight = 100000.
      ex_tankcap = 10000.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "get_technical_attributes

ENDCLASS.                    "lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       CLASS lcl_cargo_plane DEFINITION
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_cargo_plane DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_airplane.

  PUBLIC SECTION.

    METHODS: constructor IMPORTING im_name TYPE string
                                   im_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype
                                   im_cargo TYPE scplane-cargomax.

    METHODS: display_attributes REDEFINITION.

    METHODS: get_cargo RETURNING value(re_cargo) TYPE scplane-cargomax.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA: max_cargo TYPE scplane-cargomax.

ENDCLASS.                    "lcl_cargo_plane DEFINITION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       CLASS lcl_cargo_plane IMPLEMENTATION
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_cargo_plane IMPLEMENTATION.

  METHOD constructor.
    CALL METHOD super->constructor( im_name = im_name
      im_planetype = im_planetype ).
    max_cargo = im_cargo.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "constructor

  METHOD display_attributes.
    super->display_attributes( ).
    WRITE: / 'Max Cargo = ', max_cargo.
    ULINE.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "display_attributes

  METHOD get_cargo.
    re_cargo = max_cargo.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "get_cargo

ENDCLASS.                    "lcl_cargo_plane IMPLEMENTATION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       CLASS lcl_passenger_plane DEFINITION
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_passenger_plane DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_airplane.

  PUBLIC SECTION.

    METHODS: constructor IMPORTING im_name      TYPE string
                                   im_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype
                                   im_seats     TYPE sflight-seatsmax.

    METHODS: display_attributes REDEFINITION.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA: max_seats TYPE sflight-seatsmax.



ENDCLASS.                    "lcl_passenger_plane DEFINITION

*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*       CLASS lcl_passenger_plane IMPLEMENTATION
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
*
*---------------------------------------------------------------------*
CLASS lcl_passenger_plane IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    CALL METHOD super->constructor( EXPORTING im_name = im_name
                                         im_planetype = im_planetype ).
    max_seats = im_seats.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "constructor

  METHOD display_attributes.
    super->display_attributes( ).
    WRITE: / 'Max Seats = ', max_seats.
    ULINE.
  ENDMETHOD.                    "display_attributes

ENDCLASS.                    "lcl_passenger_plane IMPLEMENTATION

Regards

Abhijeet

Re: Sample program

Former Member — Thu, 24 Jul 2008 05:13:24 GMT

Hi sameer,

Please go through this url.

http://www.abapprogramming.net/2007/10/oops-abap-1.html

Regards,

Muneesh Gitta.

Re: Sample program

Former Member — Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:04:24 GMT

The following code creates ALV GRID with OOPS.

&----

*& Report ZALV_OOINTERACTIVE *

*& *

*&----

*& AS : Simple Interactive ALV report developed using OOPS *

*& *

&----

REPORT ZALV_OOINTERACTIVE.*Class definition for handling double click

CLASS event_class DEFINITION DEFERRED.*Internal table and work area declarations for dd02l and dd03l

DATA : it_dd02l TYPE TABLE OF dd02l,

wa_dd02l TYPE dd02l,

it_dd03l TYPE TABLE OF dd03l,

wa_dd03l TYPE dd03l.*data declarations for ALV Main list

DATA : ty_lay1 TYPE lvc_s_layo,

it_fieldcat TYPE lvc_t_fcat ,

ty_fieldcat TYPE lvc_s_fcat ,

c_alv1 TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid,

c_cont1 TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container,

event_receiver TYPE REF TO event_class.*data declarations for ALV Interactive listDATA : ty_lay2 TYPE lvc_s_layo,

it_fcat TYPE lvc_t_fcat ,

ty_fcat TYPE lvc_s_fcat ,

c_alv2 TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid,

c_cont2 TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container.

**Select options for multiple values and NOT ranges

SELECT-OPTIONS : s_table FOR wa_dd02l-tabname NO INTERVALS.

Initialization event

INITIALIZATION.*Start of selection event

START-OF-SELECTION.*fetch data into table and field characteristics

PERFORM fetch_data.*ALV display for output

PERFORM alv_output.&----

*& Form FETCH_DATA

&----

text

----

--> p1 text
<-- p2 text

----

FORM fetch_data .*Select the table details

SELECT * FROM dd02l INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE it_dd02l

WHERE tabname IN s_table

AND tabclass = 'TRANSP'.

ENDFORM. " FETCH_DATA----

* CLASS lcl_event_receiver DEFINITION----
CLASS event_class DEFINITION.*Handling double click

PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS:

handle_double_click

FOR EVENT double_click OF cl_gui_alv_grid IMPORTING e_row .ENDCLASS. "lcl_event_receiver DEFINITION

----

* CLASS lcl_event_receiver IMPLEMENTATION

----

CLASS event_class IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD handle_double_click. DATA : ls_dd02l LIKE LINE OF it_dd02l.*Reading the selected data into a variable

READ TABLE it_dd02l INDEX e_row-index INTO ls_dd02l.* *Select the field details of the selected table

SELECT * FROM dd03l INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE it_dd03l

WHERE tabname EQ ls_dd02l-tabname.

*calling the ALV containing the field values

CALL SCREEN 101. ENDMETHOD. "handle_double_clickENDCLASS. "lcl_event_receiver IMPLEMENTATION&----

& Module pbo_100 OUTPUT&----

*MODULE pbo_100 OUTPUT.

*set pf-status 'XXX'.

*set titlebar 'XXX'.

ENDMODULE. " PBO_100 OUTPUT

&----

*& Module alv_100 OUTPUT

&----

MODULE alv_100 OUTPUT.*Check if there is no custom container in screen 100

IF c_cont1 IS INITIAL.*Creating object of container

CREATE OBJECT c_cont1

EXPORTING

container_name = 'CCONT'.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.*Creating object of alv

CREATE OBJECT c_alv1

EXPORTING

i_parent = c_cont1.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.*alv layout

PERFORM alv_100_layout.*alv field catalogue

PERFORM alv_100_fieldcat.*Displaying the ALV grid

CALL METHOD c_alv1->set_table_for_first_display

EXPORTING

is_layout = ty_lay1

CHANGING

it_outtab = it_dd02l[]

it_fieldcatalog = it_fieldcat. IF sy-subrc <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.*Create object of the event class and setting handler for double click

CREATE OBJECT event_receiver.

SET HANDLER event_receiver->handle_double_click FOR c_alv1. ENDIF.ENDMODULE. " ALV_100 OUTPUT&----

& Module pai_100 INPUT&----

*MODULE pai_100 INPUT.

ENDMODULE. " pai_100 INPUT----

* MODULE PBO_101 OUTPUT----
MODULE pbo_101 OUTPUT.

SET PF-STATUS 'XXX'.
SET TITLEBAR 'XXX'.

ENDMODULE. " PBO_101 INPUT----

* MODULE ALV_101 OUTPUT----

MODULE alv_101 OUTPUT.

*Check if the Custom container exists.

IF c_cont2 IS INITIAL.*Creating container object

CREATE OBJECT c_cont2

EXPORTING

container_name = 'CDCONT'.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.*creating ALV grid for interactive list

CREATE OBJECT c_alv2

EXPORTING

i_parent = c_cont2.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.*ALV layout

PERFORM alv_101_layout.*ALV fieldcatalogue

PERFORM alv_101_fieldcat.*Sorting the output by field position

SORT it_dd03l BY position.*ALV for display field details

CALL METHOD c_alv2->set_table_for_first_display

EXPORTING

is_layout = ty_lay2

CHANGING

it_outtab = it_dd03l[]

it_fieldcatalog = it_fcat.

IF sy-subrc <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF. ENDIF.ENDMODULE. " ALV_101 OUTPUT

&----

& Module PAI_101 INPUT&----

*MODULE pai_101 INPUT.ENDMODULE. " PAI_101 INPUT

&----

*& Form ALV_OUTPUT

&----

text

----

--> p1 text
<-- p2 text

----

FORM alv_output .

CALL SCREEN 100.ENDFORM. " ALV_OUTPUT

&----

*& Form ALV_100_LAYOUT

&----

text

----

--> p1 text
<-- p2 text

----

FORM alv_100_layout . ty_lay1-grid_title = 'TABLES'.

ty_lay1-zebra = 'X'.

ty_lay1-no_toolbar = 'X'.ENDFORM. " ALV_100_LAYOUT

&----

*& Form ALV_100_FIELDCAT

&----

text

----

--> p1 text
<-- p2 text

----

FORM alv_100_fieldcat .

CLEAR ty_fieldcat.

ty_fieldcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-col_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-fieldname = 'TABNAME'.

ty_fieldcat-tabname = 'GT_DD02L'.

ty_fieldcat-coltext = 'TableName'.

ty_fieldcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fieldcat TO it_fieldcat.

CLEAR ty_fieldcat. ty_fieldcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-col_pos = 2.

ty_fieldcat-fieldname = 'TABCLASS'.

ty_fieldcat-tabname = 'GT_DD02L'.

ty_fieldcat-coltext = 'CATEGORY'.

ty_fieldcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fieldcat TO it_fieldcat.

CLEAR ty_fieldcat. ty_fieldcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-col_pos = 3.

ty_fieldcat-fieldname = 'AS4USER'.

ty_fieldcat-tabname = 'GT_DD02L'.

ty_fieldcat-coltext = 'CREATED'.

ty_fieldcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fieldcat TO it_fieldcat.

CLEAR ty_fieldcat. ty_fieldcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-col_pos = 4.

ty_fieldcat-fieldname = 'AS4DATE'.

ty_fieldcat-tabname = 'GT_DD02L'.

ty_fieldcat-coltext = 'DATE'.

ty_fieldcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fieldcat TO it_fieldcat.

CLEAR ty_fieldcat.

ty_fieldcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-col_pos = 5.

ty_fieldcat-fieldname = 'AS4TIME'.

ty_fieldcat-tabname = 'GT_DD02L'.

ty_fieldcat-coltext = 'TIME'.

ty_fieldcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fieldcat TO it_fieldcat.

CLEAR ty_fieldcat. ty_fieldcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fieldcat-col_pos = 6.

ty_fieldcat-fieldname = 'CONTFLAG'.

ty_fieldcat-tabname = 'GT_DD02L'.

ty_fieldcat-coltext = 'Delivery Class'.

ty_fieldcat-outputlen = 15.

APPEND ty_fieldcat TO it_fieldcat.

CLEAR ty_fieldcat.ENDFORM. " ALV_100_FIELDCAT

&----

*& Form ALV_101_LAYOUT

&----

text

----

--> p1 text
<-- p2 text

----

FORM alv_101_layout . ty_lay2-grid_title = 'FIELDS'.

ty_lay2-zebra = 'X'.

ty_lay2-no_toolbar = 'X'.ENDFORM. " ALV_101_LAYOUT

&----

*& Form ALV_101_FIELDCAT

&----

text

----

--> p1 text
<-- p2 text

----

FORM alv_101_fieldcat . REFRESH it_fieldcat.

REFRESH it_fcat.

CLEAR ty_fcat. ty_fcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fcat-col_pos = 1.

ty_fcat-fieldname = 'FIELDNAME'.

ty_fcat-tabname = 'GT_DD03L'.

ty_fcat-coltext = 'Fieldname'.

ty_fcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fcat TO it_fcat.

ty_fcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fcat-col_pos = 2.

ty_fcat-fieldname = 'CHECKTABLE'.

ty_fcat-tabname = 'GT_DD03L'.

ty_fcat-coltext = 'CHECKTABLE'.

ty_fcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fcat TO it_fcat. ty_fcat-row_pos = 1.

ty_fcat-col_pos = 3.

ty_fcat-fieldname = 'KEYFLAG'.

ty_fcat-tabname = 'GT_DD03L'.

ty_fcat-coltext = 'Key Flag'.

ty_fcat-outputlen = 10.

APPEND ty_fcat TO it_fcat.ENDFORM. " ALV_101_FIELDCAT

The following code creates ALV without using oops.

This program displays the Purchase Order header details on the basic list and on double-clicking any of the record on the basic list, the item-level information is displayed on the secondary list.

REPORT ZPURCHASE_ORDER.

***********************************************************************

TYPE-POOLS DECLARATION

***********************************************************************

TYPE-POOLS:

SLIS.

***********************************************************************

DATA DECLARATIONS

***********************************************************************

DATA:

W_EBELN TYPE EKKO-EBELN,

W_PROG TYPE SY-REPID,

T_FIELDCAT TYPE SLIS_T_FIELDCAT_ALV,

FS_FIELDCAT LIKE LINE OF T_FIELDCAT,

T_EVENTCAT TYPE SLIS_T_EVENT,

W_EVENTCAT LIKE LINE OF T_EVENTCAT.

***********************************************************************

SELECT-OPTIONS DECLARATION

***********************************************************************

SELECT-OPTIONS:

S_EBELN FOR W_EBELN.

***********************************************************************

INTERNAL TABLE AND FIELD-STRING DECLARATIONS

***********************************************************************

DATA:

T_EKKO LIKE

STANDARD TABLE

OF EKKO,

FS_EKKO LIKE LINE OF T_EKKO.

DATA:

T_EKPO LIKE

STANDARD TABLE

OF EKPO,

FS_EKPO LIKE LINE OF T_EKPO.

***********************************************************************

START-OF-SELECTION

***********************************************************************

START-OF-SELECTION.

SELECT *

FROM EKKO

INTO TABLE T_EKKO

WHERE EBELN IN S_EBELN.

W_PROG = SY-REPID.

CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'

EXPORTING

I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM = W_PROG

I_CALLBACK_USER_COMMAND = 'PICK'

I_STRUCTURE_NAME = 'EKKO'

TABLES

T_OUTTAB = T_EKKO

EXCEPTIONS

PROGRAM_ERROR = 1

OTHERS = 2

IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.

&----

*& Form pick

&----

-->UCOMM text
-->SELFIELD text

----

FORM PICK USING COMMAND LIKE SY-UCOMM

SELFIELD TYPE SLIS_SELFIELD.

READ TABLE T_EKKO INTO FS_EKKO INDEX SELFIELD-TABINDEX.

CASE COMMAND.

WHEN '&IC1'.

SELECT *

FROM EKPO

INTO TABLE T_EKPO

WHERE EBELN EQ FS_EKKO-EBELN.

W_PROG = SY-REPID.

CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_MERGE'

EXPORTING

I_STRUCTURE_NAME = 'EKPO'

CHANGING

CT_FIELDCAT = T_FIELDCAT

EXCEPTIONS

INCONSISTENT_INTERFACE = 1

PROGRAM_ERROR = 2

OTHERS = 3

IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.

DELETE T_FIELDCAT WHERE FIELDNAME EQ 'EBELN'.

DELETE T_FIELDCAT WHERE FIELDNAME EQ 'BUKRS'.

DELETE T_FIELDCAT WHERE FIELDNAME EQ 'LGORT'.

DELETE T_FIELDCAT WHERE FIELDNAME EQ 'WERKS'.

CALL FUNCTION 'REUSE_ALV_LIST_DISPLAY'

EXPORTING

I_CALLBACK_PROGRAM = W_PROG

IT_FIELDCAT = T_FIELDCAT

IT_EVENTS = T_EVENTCAT

TABLES

T_OUTTAB = T_EKPO

EXCEPTIONS

PROGRAM_ERROR = 1

OTHERS = 2

IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.

MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.

ENDIF.

ENDCASE. " CASE COMMAND

ENDFORM. " FORM PICK

FORM T_EVENTCAT.

W_EVENTCAT-NAME = 'TOP_OF_PAGE'.

W_EVENTCAT-FORM = 'TOP'.

APPEND W_EVENTCAT TO T_EVENTCAT.

ENDFORM.

FORM TOP.

READ TABLE T_EKPO INTO FS_EKPO INDEX 1.

WRITE:/ 'Purchase Document Number'(001),30 FS_EKPO-EBELN,

/ 'Company Code'(002), 30 FS_EKPO-BUKRS,

/ 'Plant'(003), 30 FS_EKPO-WERKS,

/ 'Storage Location'(004),30 FS_EKPO-LGORT.

ENDFORM.

Re: Sample program

Former Member — Wed, 30 Jul 2008 04:10:17 GMT

Hi,

http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/EN/c3/225b6554f411d194a60000e8353423/content.htm

Regards,

Sravanthi

Re: Sample program

Former Member — Wed, 30 Jul 2008 05:15:38 GMT

Hi sameer,

Please go through this url.

http://www.abapprogramming.net/2007/10/oops-abap-1.html

https://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/sdn/go/portal/prtroot/docs/library/uuid/37c5db90-0201-0010-3a9b-d0a5288f3c15

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAP

Have a Nice Day.

Regards,

Muneesh Gitta.